Keadilan Hakim dalam Hadis: Rekonstruksi Pemikiran T.M. Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy dalam Kitab Mutiara Hadis

Abstract

This article examines judicial justice in the Prophetic hadith through T.M. Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy’s interpretation in Mutiara Hadis, particularly the chapter on al-aqḍiyah. The study is grounded in the premise that judicial integrity depends not only on legal competence but also on the judge’s psychological condition, evidentiary objectivity, procedural equality, and moral accountability. This is a library-based study using Mutiara Hadis and authentic hadiths concerning the prohibition of adjudicating while angry and the obligation to decide cases on the basis of outward evidence. The analysis employs Musahadi HAM’s three stages of hadith interpretation: historical, eidetic, and practical criticism. The study finds that Hasbi’s thought can be reconstructed into four principles of judicial justice: clarity of the judge’s personal condition, evidence-based objectivity, procedural equality, and moral-transcendental accountability. The prohibition of judging while angry extends to conditions that impair clear reasoning, including hunger, thirst, illness, and psychological pressure. The hadith on disputing parties also emphasizes the judge’s epistemic limitation to observable evidence and the parties’ responsibility not to manipulate arguments. This reconstruction is relevant to Indonesia’s Code of Ethics and Conduct for Judges, especially the principles of fairness, independence, integrity, responsibility, and professionalism.